Antibody engineering is changing how scientists diagnose and treat disease by turning the immune system’s natural targeting ability into powerful biomedical tools. Antibodies can precisely recognize specific molecules, making them valuable in techniques such as ELISA, Western blotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Engineered antibodies have also become important medicines for cancer, autoimmune disorders and other diseases. Monoclonal antibodies can block harmful signals or activate immune responses, while antibody-drug conjugates deliver potent drugs directly to targeted cells. Bispecific antibodies can simultaneously recognize two different targets, including tumor cells and T cells, helping the immune system destroy cancer cells. New technologies such as phage display, single B-cell sequencing, transgenic animals and artificial intelligence are accelerating antibody discovery and enabling increasingly precise therapies.
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